By JAIN College

Last Updated: Mar 26, 2026 12:00 AM

List of all Nobel Prizes – From 1901 to 2025

Nobel Prize Winners 1901 - 1910
Nobel Prize Winners 1911 - 1920
Nobel Prize Winners 1921 - 1930
Nobel Prize Winners 1931 - 1940
Nobel Prize Winners 1941 - 1950
Nobel Prize Winners 1951 - 1960
Nobel Prize Winners 1961 - 1970
Nobel Prize Winners 1971 - 1980
Nobel Prize Winners 1981 - 1990
Nobel Prize Winners 1991 - 2000
Nobel Prize Winners 2001 - 2010
Nobel Prize Winners 2011 - 2020
Nobel Prize Winners 2021 - 2025

The Nobel Prize is an award that stands as a globally renowned symbol of excellence, honouring individuals and organisations whose work has significantly advanced the well-being of humanity.

The Legacy of the Nobel Prize: A Complete Guide from 1901 to 2025

Over the past 124 years (from 1901 to 2025), a total of 629 Nobel Prizes have been awarded, resulting in 1,018 winners (individuals and organisations). Here is the detailed list of Nobel Prizes and Nobel Prize laureates:

Nobel Prize Winners 1901 - 1910

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1901	Physics	Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen	Germany	In recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him
1901	Chemistry	Jacobus H. van 't Hoff	Germany	In recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions
1901	Physiology or Medicine	Emil von Behring	Germany	For his work on serum therapy, particularly its application against diphtheria, has opened a new path in medical science and provided physicians with a powerful tool to combat illness and death.
1901	Literature	Sully Prudhomme	France	In special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect.
1901	Peace	Jean-Henry Dunant	Switzerland	For his humanitarian efforts to help wounded soldiers and create international understanding
1901	Peace	Frédéric Passy	France	For his lifelong work for international peace conferences, diplomacy and arbitration

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1902	Physics	Hendrik A. Lorentz	Netherlands	In recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their research into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena.
1902	Physics	Pieter Zeeman	Netherlands
1902	Chemistry	Emil Fischer	Germany	In recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered for his work on sugar and purine syntheses.
1902	Physiology or Medicine	Ronald Ross	U.K.	Renowned for his work on malaria, demonstrating how the disease enters the organism, thereby laying the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it.
1902	Literature	Theodor Mommsen	Germany	For the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, particularly for his monumental work, A History of Rome.
1902	Peace	Élie Ducommun	Switzerland	For his untiring and skilful directorship of the Bern Peace Bureau
1902	Peace	Albert Gobat	Switzerland	For his eminently practical administration of the Inter-Parliamentary Union

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1903	Physics	Henri Becquerel	France	In recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity.
1903	Physics	Pierre Curie and Marie Curie	France	In recognition of the extraordinary services they have contributed by their joint research on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel.
1903	Chemistry	Svante Arrhenius	Sweden	In recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation.
1903	Physiology or Medicine	Niels Ryberg Finsen	Denmark	In recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, particularly lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, he has opened a new avenue for medical science.
1903	Literature	Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson	Norway	As a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit.
1903	Peace	Randal Cremer	U.K.	For his longstanding and devoted effort in favour of the ideas of peace and arbitration.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1904	Physics	Lord Rayleigh	U.K.	For his research on the densities of the most important gases and for discovering argon in these studies.
1904	Chemistry	Sir William Ramsay	U.K.	In recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air and his determination of their place in the periodic system.
1904	Physiology or Medicine	Ivan Pavlov	Russia	In recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, he has transformed and expanded knowledge about vital aspects of the subject.
1904	Literature	Frédéric Mistral	France	In recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, as well as his significant work as a Provençal philologist.
1904	Literature	José Echegaray	Spain	In recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions that, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama.
1904	Peace	Institute of International Law	Belgium	It strives in public law to develop peaceful ties between nations and to make the laws of war more humane.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1905	Physics	Philipp Lenard	Germany	For his work on cathode rays.
1905	Chemistry	Adolf von Baeyer	Germany	In recognition of his services in advancing organic chemistry and the chemical industry through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds.
1905	Physiology or Medicine	Robert Koch	Germany	He was renowned for his investigations and discoveries related to tuberculosis.
1905	Literature	Henryk Sienkiewicz	Poland	For his outstanding merits as an epic writer.
1905	Peace	Bertha von Suttner	Austria	For her audacity to oppose the horrors of war.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1906	Physics	J.J. Thomson	U.K.	He was recognised for the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases.
1906	Chemistry	Henri Moissan	France	For his recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him.
1906	Physiology or Medicine	Camillo Golgi	Italy	For recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system.
1906	Physiology or Medicine	Santiago Ramón y Cajal	Spain
1906	Literature	Giosuè Carducci	Italy	As a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterise his poetic masterpieces.
1906	Peace	Theodore Roosevelt	USA	He played a significant role in ending the recent bloody war between Japan and Russia, two of the world's great powers.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1907	Physics	Albert A. Michelson	USA	Renowned for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations he conducted with their assistance.
1907	Chemistry	Eduard Buchner	Germany	Renowned for his biochemical research and his discovery of cell-free fermentation.
1907	Physiology or Medicine	Alphonse Laveran	France	For his work on the role of protozoa in causing diseases.
1907	Literature	Rudyard Kipling	U.K.	The creations of this world-famous author are characterised by their power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas, and remarkable talent for narration.
1907	Peace	Ernesto Teodoro Moneta	Italy	For his work in the press and in peace meetings, both public and private, for an understanding between France and Italy
1907	Peace	Louis Renault	France	For his decisive influence upon the conduct and outcome of the Hague and Geneva Conferences

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1908	Physics	Gabriel Lippmann	France	For his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference.
1908	Chemistry	Ernest Rutherford	U.K.	For his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances
1908	Physiology or Medicine	Ilya Mechnikov	France	In recognition of their work on immunity
1908	Physiology or Medicine	Paul Ehrlich	Germany	In recognition of their work on immunity
1908	Literature	Rudolf Eucken	Germany	In recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life
1908	Peace	Klas Pontus Arnoldson	Sweden	For their long-time work for the cause of peace as politicians, peace society leaders, orators and authors.
1908	Peace	Fredrik Bajer	Denmark

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1909	Physics	Guglielmo Marconi	U.K.	For the significant contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy.
1909	Physics	Ferdinand Braun	France
1909	Chemistry	Wilhelm Ostwald	Germany	For his work on catalysis and his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction.
1909	Physiology or Medicine	Theodor Kocher	Switzerland	For his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland.
1909	Literature	Selma Lagerlöf	Sweden	Her writings are characterised by her lofty idealism, vivid imagination, and spiritual perception.
1909	Peace	Auguste Beernaert	Belgium	For the prominent position in the international movement for peace and arbitration.
1909	Peace	Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant	France

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1910	Physics	Johannes Diderik van der Waals	Netherlands	Renowned for his contributions to the equation of state for gases and liquids.
1910	Chemistry	Otto Wallach	Germany	For his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry through his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds.
1910	Physiology or Medicine	Albrecht Kossel	Germany	Contributions to the knowledge of cell chemistry through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances.
1910	Literature	Paul Heyse	Germany	A tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long, productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist, and writer of world-renowned short stories.
1910	Peace	Permanent International Peace Bureau	Switzerland	For establishing a connection between the peace societies of different countries and assisting them in organising global rallies for the international peace movement.

Nobel Prize Winners 1911 - 1920

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1911	Physics	Wilhelm Wien	Germany	For his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat.
1911	Chemistry	Marie Curie	France	In recognition of her contributions to the advancement of chemistry, including the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, the isolation of radium, and the study of its nature and compounds, Marie Curie received a medal.
1911	Physiology or Medicine	Allvar Gullstrand	Sweden	For his work on the dioptrics of the eye.
1911	Literature	Maurice Maeterlinck	Belgium	In appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations.
1911	Peace	Tobias Asser	Netherlands	For his role as co-founder of the Institut de droit international, initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law (Conférences de Droit international privé) at the Hague, and pioneer in the field of international legal relations.
1911	Peace	Alfred Fried	Austria	For his effort to expose and fight what he considers to be the main cause of war, namely, the anarchy in international relations.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1912	Physics	Gustaf Dalén	Sweden	For his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys.
1912	Chemistry	Victor Grignard	France	For the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry.
1912	Chemistry	Paul Sabatier	France	For his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals, whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years.
1912	Physiology or Medicine	Alexis Carrel	France	In recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs.
1912	Literature	Gerhart Hauptmann	Germany	In recognition of his fruitful, varied, and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art.
1912	Peace	Elihu Root	USA	For bringing about better understanding between the countries of North and South America and initiating important arbitration agreements between the United States and other countries.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1913	Physics	Heike Kamerlingh Onnes	Netherlands	For his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures, which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium.
1913	Chemistry	Alfred Werner	Switzerland	Recognised for his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules, which has shed new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research, especially in inorganic chemistry.
1913	Physiology or Medicine	Charles Richet	France	In recognition of his work on anaphylaxis.
1913	Literature	Rabindranath Tagore	India	His profoundly sensitive, fresh, and beautiful verse has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West with consummate skill.
1913	Peace	Henri La Fontaine	Belgium	For his unparalleled contribution to the organisation of peaceful internationalism.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1914	Physics	Max von Laue	Germany	For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals.
1914	Chemistry	Theodore W. Richards	USA	In recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements.
1914	Physiology or Medicine	Robert Bárány	Austria	For his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus.
1914	Literature	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1914	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1915	Physics	William Bragg	U.K.	Awarded jointly for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays.
1915	Physics	Lawrence Bragg	U.K.
1915	Chemistry	Richard Willstätter	Germany	For his research on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll.
1915	Physiology or Medicine	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1915	Literature	Romain Rolland	France	A tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings.
1915	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1916	Physics	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1916	Chemistry	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1916	Physiology or Medicine	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1916	Literature	Verner von Heidenstam	Sweden	In recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature.
1916	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1917	Physics	Charles Glover Barkla	U.K.	For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements.
1917	Chemistry	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1917	Physiology or Medicine	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1917	Literature	Karl Gjellerup	Denmark	For his varied and rich poetry, which was inspired by lofty ideals
1917	Literature	Henrik Pontoppidan	Denmark	For his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark
1917	Peace	International Committee of the Red Cross	Switzerland	The Red Cross was recognised for its efforts to care for wounded soldiers, prisoners of war, and their families.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1918	Physics	Max Planck	Germany	In recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics through his discovery of energy quanta.
1918	Chemistry	Fritz Haber	Switzerland	For the synthesis of ammonia from its elements.
1918	Physiology or Medicine	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1918	Literature	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1918	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1919	Physics	Johannes Stark	Germany	For his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields.
1919	Chemistry	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1919	Physiology or Medicine	Jules Bordet	Belgium	Renowned for his discoveries in the field of immunity.
1919	Literature	Carl Spitteler	Switzerland	For his epic, Olympian Spring.
1919	Peace	Woodrow Wilson	USA	Recognised for his contribution as a founding member of the League of Nations.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1920	Physics	Charles Edouard Guillaume	France	In recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys.
1920	Chemistry	Walther Nernst	Germany	He received recognition for his work in thermochemistry in 1920.
1920	Physiology or Medicine	August Krogh	Denmark	For his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism.
1920	Literature	Knut Hamsun	Norway	For his monumental work, Growth of the Soil.
1920	Peace	Léon Bourgeois	France	For his long-standing work for peace and justice and his key role in the League of Nations' founding.

Nobel Prize Winners 1921 - 1930

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1921	Physics	Albert Einstein	USA	He was recognised for his contributions to Theoretical Physics, particularly for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.
1921	Chemistry	Frederick Soddy	U.K.	He made significant contributions to our understanding of the chemistry of radioactive substances and conducted investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes.
1921	Physiology or Medicine	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1921	Literature	Anatole France	France	He received recognition for his brilliant literary achievements, which are characterised by nobility of style, profound human sympathy and grace, and a true Gallic temperament.
1921	Peace	Hjalmar Branting	Sweden	For their lifelong contributions to the cause of peace and organised internationalism.
1921	Peace	Christian Lange	Norway	For their lifelong contributions to the cause of peace and organised internationalism.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1922	Physics	Niels Bohr	Denmark	He was recognised for his contributions to the study of the structure of atoms and the radiation they emit.
1922	Chemistry	Francis W. Aston	U.K.	Renowned for discovering isotopes in a large number of non-radioactive elements using his mass spectrograph and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule.
1922	Physiology or Medicine	Archibald V. Hill	U.K	For his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle.
1922	Physiology or Medicine	Otto Meyerhof	Germany	For his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle.
1922	Literature	Jacinto Benavente	Spain	For the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama.
1922	Peace	Fridtjof Nansen	Norway	For his leading role in the repatriation of prisoners of war, in international relief work and as the League of Nations' High Commissioner for refugees.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1923	Physics	Robert A. Millikan	USA	For his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect.
1923	Chemistry	Fritz Pregl	Austria	For his invention of the method of microanalysis of organic substances.
1923	Physiology or Medicine	Frederick G. Banting		For the discovery of insulin.
1923	Physiology or Medicine	John Macleod	Canada	For the discovery of insulin.
1923	Literature	William Butler Yeats	Ireland	His always inspired poetry expresses the spirit of a whole nation in a highly artistic form.
1923	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1924	Physics	Manne Siegbahn	Sweden	For his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy.
1924	Chemistry	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1924	Physiology or Medicine	Willem Einthoven	Netherlands	For his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram.
1924	Literature	Władysław Reymont	Poland	For his great national epic, The Peasants.
1924	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1925	Physics	James Franck &Gustav Hertz	Germany	For their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom.
1925	Chemistry	Richard Zsigmondy	Germany	For his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry.
1925	Physiology or Medicine	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1925	Literature	George Bernard Shaw	U.K.	For his work, which was marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often infused with a singular poetic beauty.
1925	Peace	Sir Austen Chamberlain	U.K.	He played a crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty.
1925	Peace	Charles G. Dawes	USA	He was instrumental in the implementation of the Dawes Plan.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1926	Physics	Jean Baptiste Perrin	France	For his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium.
1926	Chemistry	The Svedberg	Sweden	For his work on disperse systems.
1926	Physiology or Medicine	Johannes Fibiger	Denmark	For his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma.
1926	Literature	Grazia Deledda	Italy	For her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general.
1926	Peace	Aristide Briand	France	For the crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty.
1926	Peace	Gustav Stresemann	Germany	He played a crucial role in the formation of the Locarno Treaty.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1927	Physics	Arthur H. Compton	USA	For his discovery of the effect named after him.
1927	Physics	C.T.R. Wilson	U.K.	For his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour.
1927	Chemistry	Heinrich Wieland	Germany	For his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances.
1927	Physiology or Medicine	Julius Wagner-Jauregg	Austria	For his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica.
1927	Literature	Henri Bergson	France	In recognition of his rich and vitalising ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented.
1927	Peace	Ferdinand Buisson	France	He contributed to the emergence of a public opinion in France and Germany that favours peaceful international cooperation.
1927	Peace	Ludwig Quidde	Germany	He contributed to the emergence of a public opinion in France and Germany that favours peaceful international cooperation.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1928	Physics	Owen Willans Richardson	U.K.	For his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him.
1928	Chemistry	Adolf Windaus	Germany	He was recognised for the services he rendered through his research into the constitution of sterols and their connection with vitamins.
1928	Physiology or Medicine	Charles Nicolle	Tunisia	For his work on typhus.
1928	Literature	Sigrid Undset	Norway	For her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages.
1928	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1929	Physics	Louis de Broglie	France	For his discovery of the wave nature of electrons.
1929	Chemistry	Arthur Harden	U.K.	They were awarded the Nobel Prize for their research on sugar fermentation and fermentative enzymes.
1929	Chemistry	Hans von Euler-Chelpin	Sweden
1929	Physiology or Medicine	Christiaan Eijkman	U.K.	Awarded for the discovery of the antineuritic vitamin.
1929	Physiology or Medicine	Sir Frederick Hopkins	Netherlands	Received recognition for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins in 1929.
1929	Literature	Thomas Mann	Germany	For the great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature.
1929	Peace	Frank B. Kellogg	USA	He was renowned for his crucial role in bringing about the Briand-Kellogg Pact.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1930	Physics	Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman	India	He was famous for his work on light scattering and for discovering the effect named after him.
1930	Chemistry	Hans Fischer	Germany	For his research into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin.
1930	Physiology or Medicine	Karl Landsteiner	USA	For his discovery of human blood groups.
1930	Literature	Sinclair Lewis	USA	For his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters.
1930	Peace	Nathan Söderblom	Sweden	He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in promoting Christian unity and fostering the mindset required for achieving peace among nations.

Nobel Prize Winners 1931 - 1940

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1931	Physics	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1931	Chemistry	Carl Bosch	Germany	In recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods.
		Friedrich Bergius
1931	Physiology or Medicine	Otto Warburg	Germany	For his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
1931	Literature	Erik Axel Karlfeldt	Sweden	The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt.
1931	Peace	Jane Addams	USA	For the assiduous effort to revive the ideal of peace and to rekindle the spirit of peace in their own nation and in the whole of mankind.
		Nicholas Murray Butler

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1932	Physics	Werner Heisenberg	Germany	For the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen.
1932	Chemistry	Irving Langmuir	USA	Renowned for his discoveries and investigations in the field of surface chemistry.
1932	Physiology or Medicine	Sir Charles Sherrington & Edgar Adrian	U.K.	They made significant discoveries about the functions of neurones.
1932	Literature	John Galsworthy	U.K.	For his distinguished art of narration, which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga.
1932	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1933	Physics	Erwin Schrödinger	Austria	For the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory.
1933	Physics	Paul A.M. Dirac	U.K.	For the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory.
1933	Chemistry	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1933	Physiology or Medicine	Thomas H. Morgan	USA	He received the award for his discoveries about the role of chromosomes in heredity.
1933	Literature	Ivan Bunin	Russia	for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing
1933	Peace	Sir Norman Angell	U.K.	For having exposed by his pen the illusion of war and presented a convincing plea for international cooperation and peace

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1934	Physics	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1934	Chemistry	Harold C. Urey	USA	For his discovery of heavy hydrogen.
1934	Physiology or Medicine	George H. Whipple	USA	For their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia
		George R. Minot
		William P. Murphy
1934	Literature	Luigi Pirandello	Italy	For his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art.
1934	Peace	Arthur Henderson	U.K.	For his untiring struggle and his courageous efforts as Chairman of the League of Nations Disarmament Conference 1931-34.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1935	Physics	James Chadwick	U.K.	For the discovery of the neutron.
1935	Chemistry	Frédéric Joliot	France	In recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements.
1935	Chemistry	Irène Joliot-Curie	France
1935	Physiology or Medicine	Hans Spemann	Germany	For his discovery of the organiSer effect in embryonic development.
1935	Literature	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1935	Peace	Carl von Ossietzky	Germany	For his burning love for freedom of thought and expression and his valuable contribution to the cause of peace.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1936	Physics	Victor F. Hess	Austria	For his discovery of cosmic radiation.
1936	Physics	Carl D. Anderson	USA	For his discovery of the positron.
1936	Chemistry	Peter Debye	USA	He made significant contributions to our understanding of molecular structure by investigating dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases.
1936	Physiology or Medicine	Sir Henry Dale	U.K.	For their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses
1936	Physiology or Medicine	Otto Loewi	Germany
1936	Literature	Eugene O'Neill	USA	His dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy, are renowned for their power, honesty, and deep-felt emotions.
1936	Peace	Carlos Saavedra Lamas	Argentina	He played a crucial role as the father of the Argentine Antiwar Pact of 1933, which he also utilised to mediate peace between Paraguay and Bolivia in 1935.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1937	Physics	Clinton Davisson	USA	For their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals
1937	Physics	George Paget Thomson	U.K.
1937	Chemistry	Norman Haworth	U.K.	For his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C.
1937	Chemistry	Paul Karrer	Switzerland	He received the Nobel Prize in 1937 for his research on carotenoids, flavins, and vitamins A and B2.
1937	Physiology or Medicine	Albert Szent-Györgyi	USA	He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1937 for his discoveries related to biological combustion processes, particularly those involving vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid.
1937	Literature	Roger Martin du GardFrance	France	For the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel cycle “Les Thibault”.
1937	Peace	Robert Cecil, Viscount Cecil of Chelwood	U.K.	In recognition of his tireless efforts in support of the League of Nations, disarmament, and peace.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1938	Physics	Enrico Fermi	Italy	For his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons.
1938	Chemistry	Richard Kuhn	Germany	For his work on carotenoids and vitamins.
1938	Physiology or Medicine	Corneille Heymans	Belgium	For the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration.
1938	Literature	Pearl Buck	USA	For her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces.
1938	Peace	Nansen International Office for Refugees	Switzerland	The award was given for continuing Fridtjof Nansen's work to benefit refugees throughout Europe.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1939	Physics	Ernest Lawrence	USA	He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1939 for his invention and development of the cyclotron, as well as for the results obtained with it, particularly in relation to artificial radioactive elements.
1939	Chemistry	Adolf Butenandt	Germany	For his work on sex hormones.
1939	Chemistry	Leopold Ruzicka	Switzerland	For his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes.
1939	Physiology or Medicine	Gerhard Domagk	Germany	For the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil.
1939	Literature	Frans Eemil Sillanpää	Finland	He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1939 for his profound comprehension of Finland's peasantry and the exceptional artistry with which he depicted their lifestyle and their connection with Nature.
1939	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1940	Physics	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1940	Chemistry	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1940	Physiology or Medicine	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1940	Literature	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1940	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.

Nobel Prize Winners 1941 - 1950

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1941	Physics	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1941	Chemistry	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1941	Physiology or Medicine	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1941	Literature	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1941	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1942	Physics	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1942	Chemistry	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1942	Physiology or Medicine	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1942	Literature	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1942	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1943	Physics	Otto Stern	USA	For his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton.
1943	Chemistry	George de Hevesy	Sweden	He received the award for his research on the application of isotopes as tracers in the investigation of chemical processes.
1943	Physiology or Medicine	Henrik Dam	Denmark	For his discovery of vitamin K.
1943	Physiology or Medicine	Edward A. Doisy	USA	For his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K.
1943	Literature	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.
1943	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1944	Physics	Isidor Isaac Rabi	USA	For his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei.
1944	Chemistry	Otto HahnGermany	Germany	For his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei.
1944	Physiology or Medicine	Joseph Erlanger and Herbert S. Gasser	USA	They were awarded the Nobel Prize for their discoveries related to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres.
1944	Literature	Johannes V. Jensen	Denmark	For the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination, with which was combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style.
1944	Peace	International Committee of the Red Cross	Switzerland	For the great work it has performed during the war on behalf of humanity.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1945	Physics	Wolfgang Pauli	USA	For the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle.
1945	Chemistry	Artturi Virtanen	Finland	For his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method.
1945	Physiology or Medicine	Sir Alexander Fleming	U.K.	For the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases.
		Ernst B. Chain
		Sir Howard Florey
1945	Literature	Gabriela Mistral	Chile	For her lyric poetry, which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world.
1945	Peace	Cordell Hull	USA	For his indefatigable work for international understanding and his pivotal role in establishing the United Nations.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1946	Physics	Percy W. Bridgman	USA	For the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high-pressure physics.
1946	Chemistry	James B. Sumner	USA	For his discovery that enzymes can be crystallised.
1946	Chemistry	John H. Northrop and Wendell M. Stanley	USA	They were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in preparing enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form.
1946	Physiology or Medicine	Hermann J. Muller	USA	For the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation.
1946	Literature	Hermann Hesse	Germany	Hermann Hesse's inspired writings, which grew bolder and more penetrating, exemplified the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style.
1946	Peace	Emily Greene Balch	USA	For her lifelong work for the cause of peace.
1946	Peace	John R. Mott	USA	For his contribution to the creation of a peace-promoting religious brotherhood across national boundaries.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1947	Physics	Edward V. Appleton	U.K.	For his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere, especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer.
1947	Chemistry	Sir Robert Robinson	U.K.	For his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids.
1947	Physiology or Medicine	Carl Cori and Gerty Cori	USA	For their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen.
1947	Physiology or Medicine	Bernardo Houssay	Argentina	For his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar.
1947	Literature	André Gide	France	His comprehensive and artistically significant writings present human problems and conditions with fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight.
1947	Peace	Friends Service Council	U.K.	For the pioneering work in the international peace movement and compassionate effort to relieve human suffering, thereby promoting fraternity between nations.
1947	Peace	American Friends Service Committee	USA	For the pioneering work in the international peace movement and compassionate effort to relieve human suffering, thereby promoting fraternity between nations.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1948	Physics	Patrick M.S. Blackett	U.K.	For his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation.
1948	Chemistry	Arne Tiselius	Sweden	For his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins.
1948	Physiology or Medicine	Paul MüllerSwitzerland	Switzerland	For his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods.
1948	Literature	T.S. Eliot	U.K.	For his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry.
1948	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1949	Physics	Hideki Yukawa	Japan	For his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces.
1949	Chemistry	William F. Giauque	USA	For his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures.
1949	Physiology or Medicine	Walter Hess	Switzerland	For his discovery of the functional organisation of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs.
1949	Physiology or Medicine	Egas Moniz	Portugal	For his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses.
1949	Literature	William Faulkner	USA	For his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel.
1949	Peace	Lord Boyd Orr	U.K.	For his lifelong effort to conquer hunger and want, thereby helping to remove a major cause of military conflict and war.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1950	Physics	Cecil Powell	U.K.	For his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method.
1950	Chemistry	Otto Diels and Kurt Alder	Germany	For their discovery and development of the diene synthesis.
1950	Physiology or Medicine	Edward C. Kendall	USA	For their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects.
		Tadeus Reichstein	Switzerland
		Philip S. Hench	USA
1950	Literature	Bertrand Russell	U.K.	In recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought.
1950	Peace	Ralph Bunche	USA	For his work as a mediator in Palestine in 1948-1949.

Nobel Prize Winners 1951 - 1960

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1951	Physics	John Cockcroft	U.K.	For their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles.
1951	Physics	Ernest T.S. Walton	Ireland
1951	Chemistry	Edwin M. McMillan and Glenn T. Seaborg	USA	For their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements.
1951	Physiology or Medicine	Max Theiler	USA	For his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it.
1951	Literature	Pär Lagerkvist	Sweden	For the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind.
1951	Peace	Léon Jouhaux	France	For having devoted his life to the fight against war through the promotion of social justice and brotherhood among men and nations.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1952	Physics	Felix Bloch	Switzerland	For their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith.
1952	Physics	E. M. Purcell	USA
1952	Chemistry	Archer J.P. Martin and Richard L.M. Synge	U.K.	For their invention of partition chromatography.
1952	Physiology or Medicine	Selman A. Waksman	USA	For his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis.
1952	Literature	François Mauriac	France	For the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has, in his novels, penetrated the drama of human life.
1952	Peace	Albert Schweitzer	France	For his altruism, reverence for life, and tireless humanitarian work which has helped make the idea of brotherhood between men and nations a living one.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1953	Physics	Frits Zernike	Netherlands	For his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope.
1953	Chemistry	Hermann Staudinger	Germany	For his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry.
1953	Physiology or Medicine	Hans Krebs	U.K.	For his discovery of the citric acid cycle.
1953	Physiology or Medicine	Fritz Lipmann	USA	He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1953 for his discovery of coenzyme A and its significance in intermediary metabolism.
1953	Literature	Winston Churchill	U.K.	For his mastery of historical and biographical description and for hid brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values.
1953	Peace	George C. Marshall	USA	For proposing and supervising the plan for the economic recovery of Europe.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1954	Physics	Max Born	U.K.	For his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wave function.
1954	Physics	Walther Bothe	Germany	For the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith.
1954	Chemistry	Linus Pauling	USA	For his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances.
1954	Physiology or Medicine	John F. Enders, Thomas H. Weller and Frederick C. Robbins	USA	For their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue.
1954	Literature	Ernest Hemingway	USA	For his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style.
1954	Peace	Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	Switzerland	For its efforts to heal the wounds of war by providing help and protection to refugees all over the world.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1955	Physics	Willis E. Lamb	USA	For his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum.
1955	Physics	Polykarp Kusch	USA	For his precise determination of the magnetic moment of the electron.
1955	Chemistry	Vincent du Vigneaud	USA	For his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone.
1955	Physiology or Medicine	Hugo Theorell	Sweden	For his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes.
1955	Literature	Halldór Laxness	Iceland	For his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland.
1955	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1956	Physics	William B. Shockley	USA	For their research on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect.
		John Bardeen
		Walter H. Brattain
1956	Chemistry	Sir Cyril Hinshelwood	U.K.	For their research into the mechanism of chemical reactions.
		Nikolay Semenov	Russia
1956	Physiology or Medicine	André F. Cournand	USA	For their discoveries concerning heart catheterisation and pathological changes in the circulatory system.
		Werner Forssmann	Germany
		Dickinson W. Richards	USA
1956	Literature	Juan Ramón Jiménez	Spain	For his lyrical poetry, which in the Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity.
1956	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1957	Physics	Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee	USA	Their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws has led to important discoveries regarding elementary particles.
1957	Chemistry	Lord Todd	U.K.	For his work on nucleotides and nucleotide coenzymes.
1957	Physiology orMedicine	Daniel Bovet	Italy	Daniel Bovet was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1957 for his discoveries related to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, particularly their effect on the vascular system and skeletal muscles.
1957	Literature	Albert Camus	France	For his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times.
1957	Peace	Lester Bowles Pearson	Canada	For his crucial contribution to the deployment of a United Nations Emergency Force in the wake of the Suez Crisis.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1958	Physics	Pavel A. Cherenkov, Il´ja M. Frank and Igor Y. Tamm	Russia	They made significant contributions to the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect.
1958	Chemistry	Frederick Sanger	U.K.	For his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin.
1958	Physiology or Medicine	George Beadle and Edward Tatum	USA	They discovered that genes act by regulating definite chemical events.
1958	Physiology or Medicine	Joshua Lederberg	USA	For his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organisation of the genetic material of bacteria.
1958	Literature	Boris Pasternak	Russia	For his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition.
1958	Peace	Georges Pire	Belgium	For his efforts to help refugees to leave their camps and return to a life of freedom and dignity.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1959	Physics	Emilio Segrè and Owen Chamberlain	USA	For their discovery of the antiproton.
1959	Chemistry	Jaroslav Heyrovsky	Czech Republic	For his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis.
1959	Physiology or Medicine	Severo Ochoa	Spain	For their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid.
1959	Physiology or Medicine	Arthur Kornberg	USA
1959	Literature	Salvatore Quasimodo	Italy	For his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our times.
1959	Peace	Philip Noel-Baker	U.K.	For his longstanding contribution to the cause of disarmament and peace.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1960	Physics	Donald A. Glaser	USA	For the invention of the bubble chamber.
1960	Chemistry	Willard F. Libby	USA	For his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science.
1960	Physiology or Medicine	Sir Frank Macfarlane BurneT	Australia	For the discovery of acquired immunological tolerance.
1960	Physiology or Medicine	Peter Medawar	U.K.	For the discovery of acquired immunological tolerance.
1960	Literature	Saint-John Perse	France	For the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry, Which, in a visionary fashion, reflects the conditions of our time.
1960	Peace	Albert Lutuli	South Africa	For his non-violent struggle against apartheid.

Nobel Prize Winners 1961 - 1970

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1961	Physics	Robert Hofstadter	USA	For his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons.
1961	Physics	Rudolf Mössbauer	Germany	He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1961 for his research on the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery of the effect that bears his name.
1961	Chemistry	Melvin Calvin	USA	This research focuses on carbon dioxide assimilation in plants.
1961	Physiology or Medicine	Georg von Békésy	USA	For his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea.
1961	Literature	Ivo Andrić	Yugoslavia	He has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country with epic force.
1961	Peace	Dag Hammarskjöld	Sweden	For developing the UN into an effective and constructive international organisation, capable of giving life to the principles and aims expressed in the UN Charter.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1962	Physics	Lev Landau	Russia	Renowned for his groundbreaking theories on condensed matter, particularly liquid helium.
1962	Chemistry	Max F. Perutz	Austria	For their studies of the structures of globular proteins.
1962	Chemistry	John C. Kendrew	U.K.	For their studies of the structures of globular proteins.
1962	Physiology or Medicine	Francis Crick	U.K.	For their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material.
		James Watson	USA
		Maurice Wilkins	U.K.
1962	Literature	John Steinbeck	USA	For his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception.
1962	Peace	Linus Pauling	USA	He was known for his efforts to combat the nuclear arms race between the East and West.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1963	Physics	Eugene Wigner	USA	For his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles.
		J. Hans D. Jensen	Germany	For their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure.
		Maria Goeppert Mayer	USA	For their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure.
1963	Chemistry	Karl Ziegler	Germany	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Giulio Natta for his contributions to the field of high polymer chemistry and technology.
1963	Chemistry	Giulio Natta	Italy
1963	Physiology or Medicine	Sir John Eccles	Switzerland	They are renowned for their discoveries regarding the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane.
		Alan Hodgkin	U.K.
		Andrew Huxley	U.K.
1963	Literature	Giorgos Seferis	Greece	For his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture.
1963	Peace	International Committee of the Red Cross	Switzerland	The organisation was dedicated to promoting the principles of the Geneva Convention and fostering cooperation with the UN.
1963	Peace	League of Red Cross Societies	France

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1964	Physics	Charles H. Townes	USA	The fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle.
		Nicolay G. Basov	Russia
		Aleksandr M. Prokhorov	Russia
1964	Chemistry	Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin	U.K.	For her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances.
	Physiology or Medicine	Konrad Bloch	USA	They are recognised for their groundbreaking discoveries regarding the mechanism and regulation of the metabolism of cholesterol and fatty acids.
1964	Physiology or Medicine	Feodor Lynen	Germany
1964	Literature	Jean-Paul Sartre	France	For his work, which was rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age.
1964	Peace	Martin Luther King Jr.	USA	For his non-violent struggle for civil rights for the Afro-American population.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1965	Physics	Sin-Itiro Tomonaga	Japan	They received the award for their groundbreaking contributions to quantum electrodynamics, which have far-reaching implications for the study of elementary particles.
		Julian Schwinger	USA
		Richard P. Feynman	USA
1965	Chemistry	Robert B. Woodward	USA	For his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis.
1965	Physiology or Medicine	François Jacob,	France	They are renowned for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis.
		André Lwoff
		Jacques Monod
1965	Literature	Mikhail Sholokhov	Russia	For the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people.
1965	Peace	United Nations Children's Fund	USA	This effort aims to enhance solidarity between nations and reduce the gap between rich and poor states.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1966	Physics	Alfred Kastler	France	For the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms.
1966	Chemistry	Robert S. Mulliken	USA	For his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method.
1966	Physiology or Medicine	Peyton Rous	USA	For his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses
1966	Physiology or Medicine	Charles B. Huggins	USA	For his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer
1966	Literature	Shmuel Agnon	Israel	For his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people
1966	Literature	Nelly Sachs	Sweden	For her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength
1966	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1967	Physics	Hans Bethe	USA	For his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars.
1967	Chemistry	Manfred Eigen	Germany	They were known for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, which are effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy.
		Ronald G.W. Norrish	U.K.
		George Porter	U.K.
1967	Physiology or Medicine	Ragnar Granit	Sweden	They were known for the discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye.
		Keffer Hartline	USA
		George Wald	USA
1967	Literature	Miguel Ángel Asturias	Guatemala	For his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America.
1967	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1968	Physics	Luis Alvarez	USA	Renowned for his significant contributions to elementary particle physics, particularly the discovery of numerous resonance states, which he made possible through the development of a hydrogen bubble chamber technique and data analysis.
1968	Chemistry	Lars Onsager	USA	For the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental to the thermodynamics of irreversible processes.
1968	Physiology or Medicine	Robert W. Holley	USA	For their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.
		H. Gobind Khorana
		Marshall W.Nirenberg
1968	Literature	Yasunari Kawabata	Japan	For his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind.
1968	Peace	René Cassin	France	He fought to uphold the rights of man as outlined in the UN Declaration.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1969	Physics	Murray Gell-Mann	USA	For his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions.
1969	Chemistry	Derek Barton	USA	For their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry.
1969	Chemistry	Odd Hassel	Norway
1969	Physiology orMedicine	Max Delbrück	USA	They are renowned for their discoveries regarding the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses.
		Alfred D. Hershey	USA
		Salvador E. Luria	USA
1969	Literature	Samuel Beckett	France	His writing, which takes on new forms in the novel and drama, elevates the destitution of modern man.
1969	Peace	International Labour Organisation	Switzerland	The organisation was responsible for creating international legislation that sets certain standards for working conditions in every country.
1969	Economic Sciences	Ragnar Frisch	Norway	For having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes.
1969	Economic Sciences	Jan Tinbergen	Netherlands	He was recognised for his development and application of dynamic models in the analysis of economic processes.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1970	Physics	Hannes Alfvén	Sweden	For fundamental work and discoveries in magneto hydro-dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics.
1970	Physics	Louis Néel	France	For fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics.
1970	Chemistry	Luis Leloir	Argentina	For his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates.
1970	Physiology or Medicine	Sir Bernard Katz	U.K.	They made significant discoveries about the humoral transmitters present in nerve terminals, as well as the mechanisms involved in their storage, release, and inactivation.
		Ulf von Euler	U.K.
		Julius Axelrod	USA
1970	Literature	Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn	Russia	He has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature with great ethical force.
1970	Peace	Norman Borlaug	USA	He was renowned for having given birth to a well-founded hope: the Green Revolution.
1970	Economic Sciences	Paul A. Samuelson	USA	Through his scientific work, he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science.

Nobel Prize Winners 1971 - 1980

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1971	Physics	Dennis Gabor	U.K.	For his invention and development of the holographic method.
1971	Chemistry	Gerhard Herzberg	Canada	Recognised for his significant contributions to the understanding of the electronic structure and geometry of molecules, with a particular focus on free radicals.
1971	Physiology or Medicine	Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.	USA	For his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones.
1971	Literature	Pablo Neruda	Chile	For poetry that, with the action of an elemental force, brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams.
1971	Peace	Willy Brandt	Germany	For paving the way for a meaningful dialogue between East and West.
1971	Economic Sciences	Simon Kuznets	USA	Recognised for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth, which has provided new and deeper insights into the economic and social structure and process of development.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1972	Physics	John Bardeen	USA	For their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory.
		Leon N. Cooper	USA
		Robert Schrieffer	USA
1972	Chemistry	Christian Anfinsen	USA	For his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation.
		Stanford Moore and	USA	They have made significant contributions to the understanding of the relationship between the chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule.
		William H. Stein
1972	Physiology or Medicine	Gerald M. Edelman	USA	For their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies.
		Rodney R. Porter	U.K.
1972	Literature	Heinrich Böll	Germany	His writing, which combines a broad perspective on his time with a sensitive skill in characterisation, has contributed to a renewal of German literature.
1972	Peace	No Nobel Prize was awarded this year
1972	Economic Sciences	John R. Hicks	U.K.	For their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory.
		Kenneth J. Arrow	USA

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1973	Physics	Leo Esaki	USA	They were awarded the Nobel Prize for their experimental discoveries related to tunnelling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively.
		Ivar Giaever	USA
		Brian D. Josephson	U.K.	For his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects
1973	Chemistry	Ernst Otto Fischer	Germany	They are renowned for their independent pioneering work on the chemistry of organometallic compounds, also known as sandwich compounds.
1973	Chemistry	Geoffrey Wilkinson	U.K.
1973	Physiology or Medicine	Karl von Frisch	Austria	For their discoveries concerning the organisation and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns
		Konrad Lorenz	Austria
		Nikolaas Tinbergen	Netherlands
1973	Literature	Patrick White	Australia	For an epic, psychological narrative art, he introduced a new continent into literature.
1973	Peace	Henry Kissinger	USA	For jointly having negotiated a ceasefire in Vietnam in 1973.
1973	Peace	Le Duc Tho	Vietnam
1973	Economic Sciences	Wassily Leontief	Russia	For the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1974	Physics	Martin Ryle	U.K.	For their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his This includes observations and inventions, particularly the aperture synthesis technique, and acknowledges Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars.
1974	Physics	Antony Hewish	U.K.
1974	Chemistry	Paul J. Flory	USA	For his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules.
1974	Physiology or Medicine	Albert Claude	Belgium	They made significant discoveries regarding the structural and functional organisation of the cell.
		Christian de Duve	USA
		George E. Palade	USA
1974	Literature	Eyvind Johnson	Sweden	For narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom.
1974	Literature	Harry Martinson	Sweden	Harry Martinson's writings capture the dewdrop and mirror the cosmos.
1974	Peace	Seán MacBride	Ireland	For his efforts to secure and develop human rights throughout the world.
1974	Peace	Eisaku Satō	Japan	He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1974 for his efforts to stabilise conditions in the Pacific rim area and for signing the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
1974	Economic Sciences	Gunnar Myrdal	Sweden	For their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena.
1974	Economic Sciences	Friedrich von Hayek	Germany

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1975	Physics	Aage N. Bohr	Denmark	For the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection.
		Ben R. Mottelson	Denmark
		James Rainwater	USA
1975	Chemistry	John Cornforth	Australia	For his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
1975	Chemistry	Vladimir Prelog	Switzerland	For his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions
1975	Physiology or Medicine	David Baltimore	USA	For their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell.
		Renato Dulbecco	USA
		Howard M. Temin	USA
1975	Literature	Eugenio Montale	Italy	For his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions.
1975	Peace	Andrei Sakharov	Russia	For his struggle for human rights in the Soviet Union, for disarmament and cooperation between all nations.
1975	Economic Sciences	Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich	Russia	For their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources
1975	Economic Sciences	Tjalling C. Koopmans	Netherlands

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1976	Physics	Burton Richter	USA	For their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind
1976	Physics	Samuel C.C. Ting	USA
1976	Chemistry	William Lipscomb	USA	For his studies on the structure of boranes, he illuminated problems of chemical bonding.
1976	Physiology or Medicine	Baruch S. Blumberg	USA	For their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases
1976	Physiology or Medicine	D. Carleton Gajdusek	USA
1976	Literature	Saul Bellow	USA	For the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work
1976	Peace	Betty Williams	U.K.	For the courageous efforts in founding a movement to put an end to the violent conflict in Northern Ireland.
1976	Peace	Mairead Corrigan
1976	Economic Sciences	Milton Friedman	USA	For his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilisation policy.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1977	Physics	Philip W. Anderson	USA	For their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems.
		Sir Nevill F. Mott	U.K.
		John H. Van Vleck	USA
1977	Chemistry	Ilya Prigogine	USA	For his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures
1977	Physiology or Medicine	Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally	USA	For their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain
1977	Physiology or Medicine	Rosalyn Yalow	USA	For the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones
1977	Literature	Vicente Aleixandre	Spain	For a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars
1977	Peace	Amnesty International	U.K.	For worldwide respect for human rights
1977	Economic Sciences	Bertil Ohlin	Sweden	For their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements
1977	Economic Sciences	James E. Meade	U.K.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1978	Physics	Pyotr Kapitsa	Russia	For his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics
		Arno Penzias	Germany	For their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation
		Robert Woodrow Wilson	USA
1978	Chemistry	Peter Mitchell	U.K.	For his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory.
1978	Physiology or Medicine	Werner Arber	Switzerland	For the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics.
		Daniel Nathans	USA
		Hamilton O. Smith	USA
1978	Literature	Isaac Bashevis Singer	USA	For his impassioned narrative art, which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life.
1978	Peace	Anwar al-Sadat	Egypt	They are renowned for their role in negotiating peace between Egypt and Israel in 1978.
1978	Peace	Menachem Begin	Israel
1978	Economic Sciences	Herbert Simon	USA	For his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organisations.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1979	Physics	Sheldon Glashow	USA	They were honoured for their work on the theory that combines the weak force and electromagnetic force between basic particles, which included predicting the weak neutral current.
		Abdus Salam	U.K.
		Steven Weinberg	USA
1979	Chemistry	Herbert C. Brown	USA	For their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis.
1979	Chemistry	Georg Wittig	Germany
1979	Physiology or Medicine	Allan M. Cormack	USA	For the development of computer-assisted tomography
1979	Physiology or Medicine	Godfrey N.Hounsfield	U.K.	For the development of computer-assisted tomography
1979	Literature	Odysseus Elytis	Greece	For his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness.
1979	Peace	Mother Teresa	India	For her work for bringing help to suffering humanity
1979	Economic Sciences	Theodore W. Schultz	USA	For their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries.
1979	Economic Sciences	Sir Arthur Lewis	USA

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1980	Physics	James Cronin	USA	For the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons
1980	Physics	Val Fitch	USA
1980	Chemistry	Paul Berg	USA	He conducted fundamental studies on the biochemistry of nucleic acids, particularly recombinant DNA.
		Walter Gilbert	USA	For their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids.
		Frederick Sanger	U.K.
1980	Physiology orMedicine	Baruj Benacerraf	USA	For their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions.
		Jean Dausset	Spain
		George D. Snell	USA
1980	Literature	Czesław Miłosz	USA	Who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts
1980	Peace	Adolfo Pérez Esquivel	Argentina	He served as a source of inspiration for repressed people, particularly in Latin America.
1980	Economic Sciences	Lawrence R. Klein	USA	He was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work in creating econometric models and applying them to the analysis of economic fluctuations and policies.

Nobel Prize Winners 1981 - 1990

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1981	Physics	Nicolaas Bloembergen	USA	For their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy.
		Arthur L. Schawlow	USA
		Kai M. Siegbahn	Sweden	For his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy.
1981	Chemistry	Kenichi Fukui and	Japan	For their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions.
1981	Chemistry	Roald Hoffmann	USA
1981	Physiology or Medicine	Roger W. Sperry	USA	For his discoveries concerning the functional specialisation of the cerebral hemispheres.
		David H. Hubel	USA	For their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system.
		Torsten N. Wiesel	USA
1981	Literature	Elias Canetti	U.K.	For writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power.
1981	Peace	Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	Switzerland	For promoting the fundamental rights of refugees.
1981	Economic Sciences	James Tobin	USA	He was recognised for his analysis of financial markets and their impact on expenditure decisions, employment, production, and prices.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1982	Physics	Kenneth G. Wilson	USA	For his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions.
1982	Chemistry	Aaron Klug	U.K.	For his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes.
1982	Physiology or Medicine	Sune K. Bergström	Sweden	They received recognition for their discoveries related to prostaglandins and other biologically active substances.
		Bengt I. Samuelsson	Sweden
		John R. Vane	U.K.
1982	Literature	Gabriel García Márquez	Mexico	His novels and short stories combine the fantastic and the realistic in a richly composed world of imagination that reflects a continent's life and conflicts.
1982	Peace	Alva Myrdal	Sweden	They are recognised for their efforts towards disarmament and the establishment of nuclear- and weapon-free zones.
1982	Peace	Alfonso García Robles	Mexico	They are recognised for their efforts towards disarmament and the establishment of nuclear- and weapon-free zones.
1982	Economic Sciences	George J. Stigler	USA	For his seminal studies of industrial structures, the functioning of markets and the causes and effects of public regulation.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1983	Physics	Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar	USA	For his theoretical studies of the physical processes that are important to the structure and evolution of the stars.
1983	Physics	William A. Fowler	USA	His theoretical and experimental studies of nuclear reactions hold significant importance in the formation of chemical elements in the universe.
1983	Chemistry	Henry Taube	USA	For his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, particularly in metal complexes.
1983	Physiology or Medicine	Barbara McClintock	USA	For her discovery of mobile genetic elements.
1983	Literature	William Golding	U.K.	For his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today.
1983	Peace	Lech Wałęsa	Poland	For the non-violent struggle for free trade unions and human rights in Poland.
1983	Economic Sciences	Gerard Debreu	France	Renowned for his incorporation of new analytical methods into economic theory and his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1984	Physics	Carlo Rubbia and	Switzerland	For their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction.
1984	Physics	Simon van der Meer	Switzerland
1984	Chemistry	Bruce Merrifield	USA	For his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix.
1984	Physiology or Medicine	Niels K. Jerne,	France	Theories concerning the specificity in the development and control of the immune system, as well as the discovery of the principle for the production of monoclonal antibodies, have been studied extensively.
		Georges J.F. Köhler	Germany
		César Milstein	U.K.
1984	Literature	Jaroslav Seifert	Czech Republic	For his poetry, which was endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness, provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man.
1984	Peace	Desmond Tutu	South Africa	He played a crucial role as a unifying leader in the non-violent campaign to resolve the issue of apartheid in South Africa.
1984	Economic Sciences	Richard Stone	U.K.	For having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1985	Physics	Klaus von Klitzing	Germany	For the discovery of the quantised Hall effect.
1985	Chemistry	Herbert A. Hauptman	USA	They received the award for their exceptional contributions to the advancement of direct methods for determining crystal structures.
1985	Chemistry	Jerome Karle	USA
1985	Physiology or Medicine	Michael S. Brown	USA	For their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism.
1985	Physiology or Medicine	Joseph L. Goldstein	USA
1985	Literature	Claude Simon	France	In his novel, he combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in depicting the human condition.
1985	Peace	International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War	USA	The organisation aims to spread authoritative information and raise awareness of the catastrophic consequences of nuclear war.
1985	Economic Sciences	Franco Modigliani	USA	For his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1986	Physics	Ernst Ruska	Germany	Recognised for his fundamental work in electron optics and for designing the first electron microscope.
		Gerd Binnig	Switzerland	For their design of the scanning tunnelling microscope.
		Heinrich Rohrer	Switzerland	For their design of the scanning tunnelling microscope.
1986	Chemistry	Dudley R. Herschbach,	USA	For their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes
		Yuan T. Lee	USA
		John C. Polanyi	Canada
1986	Physiology or Medicine	Stanley Cohen	USA	For their discoveries of growth factors
1986	Physiology or Medicine	Rita Levi-Montalcini	Italy	For their discoveries of growth factors
1986	Literature	Wole Soyinka	Nigeria	Who, in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence
1986	Peace	Elie Wiesel	USA	For being a messenger to mankind: his message was one of peace, atonement and dignity
1986	Economic Sciences	James M. Buchanan Jr.	USA	For his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1987	Physics	J. Georg Bednorz	Switzerland	They were awarded the Nobel Prize for their significant breakthrough in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials.
1987	Physics	K. Alex Müller	Switzerland
1987	Chemistry	Donald J. Cram	USA	Their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions exhibit high selectivity.
		Jean-Marie Lehn	France
		Charles J. Pedersen	USA
1987	Physiology or Medicine	Susumu Tonegawa	Japan	For his discovery of the genetic principle for the generation of antibody diversity.
1987	Literature	Joseph Brodsky	USA	For an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity.
1987	Peace	Oscar Arias Sánchez	Costa Rica	For his work for lasting peace in Central America.
1987	Economic Sciences	Robert M. Solow	USA	For his contributions to the theory of economic growth.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1988	Physics	Leon M. Lederman	USA	For the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino.
		Melvin Schwartz	USA
		Jack Steinberger	Switzerland
1988	Chemistry	Johann Deisenhofer	Germany	For the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre
		Robert Huber
		Hartmut Michel
1988	Physiology or Medicine	Sir James W. Black	U.K.	For their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment.
		Gertrude B. Elion	USA
		George H. Hitchings	USA
1988	Literature	Naguib Mahfouz	Egypt	Who, through works rich in nuance – now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous – has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind.
1988	Peace	United Nations Peacekeeping Forces	USA	For preventing armed clashes and creating conditions for negotiations
1988	Economic Sciences	Maurice Allais	France	For his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilisation of resources

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1989	Physics	Norman F. Ramsey	USA	For the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks.
		Hans G. Dehmelt	USA	For the development of the ion trap technique
		Wolfgang Paul	Germany	For the development of the ion trap technique
1989	Chemistry	Sidney Altman	USA	For their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA
1989	Chemistry	Thomas R. Cech	USA	For their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA
1989	Physiology or Medicine	J. Michael Bishop	USA	For their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes
1989	Physiology or Medicine	Harold E. Varmus	USA
1989	Literature	Camilo José Cela	Spain	For a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability.
1989	Peace	The 14th Dalai Lama	India	For advocating peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people.
1989	Economic Sciences	Trygve Haavelmo	Norway	For his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1990	Physics	Jerome I. Friedman	USA	For their pioneering investigations concerning the deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics.
		Henry W. Kendall	USA
		Richard E. Taylor	USA
1990	Chemistry	Elias James Corey	USA	For his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis
1990	Physiology or Medicine	Joseph E. Murray	USA	For their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease
1990	Physiology or Medicine	E. Donnall Thomas	USA
1990	Literature	Octavio Paz	Mexico	For impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterised by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity.
1990	Peace	Mikhail Gorbachev	Russia	He played a leading role in the radical changes in East-West relations.
1990	Economic Sciences	Harry M. Markowitz	USA	They are renowned for their groundbreaking contributions to the field of financial economics.
		Merton H. Miller
		William F. Sharpe

Nobel Prize Winners 1991 - 2000

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1991	Physics	Pierre-Gilles de Gennes	France	For discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalised to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers.
1991	Chemistry	Richard R. Ernst	Switzerland	For his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
1991	Physiology or Medicine	Erwin Neher	Germany	For their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells.
1991	Physiology or Medicine	Bert Sakmann	Germany
1991	Literature	Nadine Gordimer	South Africa	Who through her magnificent epic writing, has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity.
1991	Peace	Aung San Suu Kyi	Myanmar	For her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights.
1991	Economic Sciences	Ronald H. Coase	USA	For his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1992	Physics	Georges Charpak	Switzerland	For his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber.
1992	Chemistry	Rudolph A. Marcus	Switzerland	For his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems.
1992	Physiology or Medicine	Edmond H. Fischer	USA	For their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism.
1992	Physiology or Medicine	Edwin G. Krebs	USA
1992	Literature	Derek Walcott	Saint Lucia	For a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment.
1992	Peace	Rigoberta Menchú Tum	Guatemala	For her struggle for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples.
1992	Economic Sciences	Gary Becker	USA	For having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1993	Physics	Russell A. Hulse	USA	For the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation.
		Joseph H. Taylor Jr.	USA
1993	Chemistry	Kary B. Mullis	USA	For his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.
		Michael Smith	Canada	For his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies.
1993	Physiology or Medicine	Richard J. Roberts	USA	For their discoveries of split genes
		Phillip A. Sharp	USA
1993	Literature	Toni Morrison	USA	Who, in novels characterised by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality.
1993	Peace	Nelson Mandela	South Africa	For the work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa.
		F.W. de Klerk
1993	Economic Sciences	Robert W. Fogel	USA	For having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change.
		Douglass C. North	USA

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1994	Physics	Bertram N. Brockhouse	Canada	For the development of neutron spectroscopy.
1994	Physics	Clifford G. Shull	USA	For the development of the neutron diffraction technique.
1994	Chemistry	George A. Olah	USA	For his contribution to carbocation chemistry.
1994	Physiology or Medicine	Alfred G. Gilman	USA	For their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells.
1994	Physiology or Medicine	Martin Rodbell	USA
1994	Literature	Kenzaburo Oe	Japan	Who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today.
1994	Peace	Yasser Arafat	Palestine	They were awarded the prize for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East
		Shimon Peres	Israel
		Yitzhak Rabin	Israel
1994	Economic Sciences	John C. Harsanyi	USA	They were awarded the prize for their groundbreaking analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games.
		John F. Nash Jr.	USA
		Reinhard Selten	Poland

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1995	Physics	Martin L. Perl	USA	For the discovery of the tau lepton.
1995	Physics	Frederick Reines	USA	For the detection of the neutrino.
1995	Chemistry	Paul J. Crutzen	Germany	For their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone.
		Mario J. Molina	USA
		F. Sherwood Rowland	USA
1995	Physiology or Medicine	Edward B. Lewis	USA	For their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development.
		Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard	Germany
		Eric F. Wieschaus	USA
1995	Literature	Seamus Heaney	Ireland	For works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past.
1995	Peace	Joseph Rotblat	U.K.	In recognition of their efforts to diminish the role of nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms.
1995	Peace	Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs	Canada	In recognition of their efforts to diminish the role of nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms.
1995	Economic Sciences	Robert E. Lucas Jr.	USA	He developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, transforming macroeconomic analysis and deepening our understanding of economic policy.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1996	Physics	David M. Lee	USA	They were awarded the prize for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3.
		Douglas D. Osheroff
		Robert C. Richardson
1996	Chemistry	Robert F. Curl Jr.	USA	They were awarded the prize for their discovery of fullerenes.
		Sir Harold Kroto	U.K.
		Richard E. Smalley	USA
1996	Physiology or Medicine	Peter C. Doherty	USA	For their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell-mediated immune defence.
		Rolf M. Zinkernagel	Switzerland
1996	Literature	Wisława Szymborska	Poland	The poet's work, with its ironic precision, unveils the historical and biological context in fragments of human reality.
1996	Peace	Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo	East Timor	They were recognised for their efforts in achieving a fair and peaceful resolution to the East Timor conflict.
		José Ramos-Horta	East Timor
1996	Economic Sciences	James A. Mirrlees	U.K.	They were awarded the Nobel Prize for their significant contributions to the economic theory of incentives in situations of asymmetric information.
		William Vickrey	USA

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1997	Physics	Steven ChuClaude	USA	For the development of methods to cool and trap atoms using laser light.
		Cohen-Tannoudji	France
		William D. Phillips	USA
1997	Chemistry	Paul D. Boyer	USA	They were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their clarification of the enzymatic mechanism responsible for the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
		John E. Walker	U.K.
		Jens C. Skou	DenmarK	For the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase.
1997	Physiology or Medicine	Stanley B. Prusiner	USA	For his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection
1997	Literature	Dario Fo	Italy	Who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden.
1997	Peace	International Campaign to Ban Landmines and	USA	For the work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines.
		Jody Williams
1997	Economic Sciences	Robert C. Merton	USA	For a new method to determine the value of derivatives.
		Myron Scholes

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1998	Physics	Robert B. Laughlin	USA	For their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations
		Horst L. Störmer
		Daniel C. Tsui
1998	Chemistry	Walter Kohn	USA	For his development of the density-functional theory.
		John Pople		For his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry.
1998	Physiology or Medicine	Robert F. Furchgott	USA	They were awarded the Nobel Prize for their discoveries regarding nitric oxide's role as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system.
		Louis J. Ignarro
		Ferid Murad
1998	Literature	José Saramago	Portugal	Who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony, continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality.
1998	Peace	John Hume	U.K.	For their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland.
		David Trimble
1998	Economic Sciences	Amartya Sen	U.K.	For his contributions to welfare economics.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
1999	Physics	Gerardus 't Hooft	Netherlands	For elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics.
1999	Physics	Martinus J.G. Veltman	Netherlands
1999	Chemistry	Ahmed Zewail	USA	For his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy.
1999	Physiology or Medicine	Günter Blobel	USA	He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1999 for his discovery that proteins possess intrinsic signals that regulate their transport and localisation within the cell.
1999	Literature	Günter Grass	Germany	Whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history.
1999	Peace	Doctors Without Borders	France	In recognition of the organisation's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents.
1999	Economic Sciences	Robert Mundell	USA	He received the award for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under various exchange rate regimes, as well as his examination of optimum currency areas.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
2000	Physics	Zhores Alferov	Russia	For developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed and optoelectronics.
		Herbert Kroemer	USA
		Jack Kilby	USA	He was recognised for his contribution to the invention of integrated circuits.
2000	Chemistry	Alan Heeger	USA	For their discovery and development of conductive polymers.
		Alan MacDiarmid	USA
		Hideki Shirakawa	Japan
2000	Physiology or Medicine	Arvid Carlsson	Sweden	For their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system.
		Paul Greengard	USA
		Eric Kandel	USA
2000	Literature	Gao Xingjian	France	For an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which have opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama.
2000	Peace	Kim Dae-jung	South Korea	He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2000 for his efforts in promoting democracy and human rights in South Korea and East Asia, as well as for fostering peace and reconciliation with North Korea.
2000	Economic Sciences	James J. Heckman	USA	For his development of theory and methods for analysing selective samples.
2000	Economic Sciences	Daniel L. McFadden	USA	He received the Nobel Prize for his work on the theory and methods of analysing discrete choice.

Nobel Prize Winners 2001 - 2010

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
2001	Physics	Eric Cornell	USA	For the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates.
		Wolfgang Ketterle
		Carl Wieman
2001	Chemistry	William Knowles	USA	For their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions.
		Ryoji Noyori	Japan
		K. Barry Sharpless	USA	He was known for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions.
2001	Physiology or Medicine	Leland Hartwell	USA	Their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle have been widely recognised.
		Tim Hunt	U.K.
		Sir Paul Nurse	U.K.
2001	Literature	V. S. Naipaul	U.K.	For having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories.
2001	Peace	United Nations	USA	For their work for a better organised and more peaceful world.
		Kofi Annan	Ghana
2001	Economic Sciences	George A. Akerlof	USA	For their analyses of markets with asymmetric information.
		A. Michael Spence
		Joseph E. Stiglitz

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
2002	Physics	Raymond Davis Jr.	USA	For pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos.
		Masatoshi Koshiba	Japan
		Riccardo Giacconi	USA	For pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources.
2002	Chemistry	John B. Fenn	USA	For their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules.
		Koichi Tanaka	Japan
		Kurt Wüthrich	USA	He developed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution.
2002	Physiology or Medicine	Sydney Brenner	USA	For their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death.
		H. Robert Horvitz	USA
		John E. Sulston	U.K.
2002	Literature	Imre Kertész	Hungary	For writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history.
2002	Peace	Jimmy Carter	USA	For his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development.
2002	Economic Sciences	Daniel Kahneman	USA	For having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgement and decision-making under uncertainty.
2002	Economic Sciences	Vernon L. Smith	USA	For having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
2003	Physics	Alexei Abrikosov	USA	For pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids.
		Vitaly L. Ginzburg	Russia
		Anthony J. Leggett	USA
2003	Chemistry	Peter Agre	USA	For the discovery of water channels.
2003	Chemistry	Roderick MacKinnon	USA	For structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels.
2003	Physiology or Medicine	Paul C. Lauterbur	USA	For their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging.
2003	Physiology or Medicine	Sir Peter Mansfield	U.K.
2003	Literature	J. M. Coetzee	South Africa	Who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider
2003	Peace	Shirin Ebadi	Iran	For her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children.
2003	Economic Sciences	Robert F. Engle III	USA	For methods of analysing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH).
2003	Economic Sciences	Clive W.J. Granger	USA	For methods of analysing economic time series with common trends (cointegration).

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
2004	Physics	David J. Gross	USA	For the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction.
		H. David Politzer	USA
		Frank Wilczek	USA
2004	Chemistry	Aaron Ciechanover	Israel	For the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation.
		Avram Hershko	Israel
		Irwin Rose	USA
2004	Physiology or Medicine	Richard Axel	USA	For their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organisation of the olfactory system.
2004	Physiology or Medicine	Linda B. Buck	USA
2004	Literature	Elfriede Jelinek	Austria	For her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that, with extraordinary linguistic zeal, reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power.
2004	Peace	Wangari Maathai	Kenya	For her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace.
2004	Economic Sciences	Finn E. Kydland	Norway	For their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles.
2004	Economic Sciences	Edward C. Prescott	USA

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
2005	Physics	Roy J. Glauber	USA	For his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence.
		John L. Hall	USA	For their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique.
		Theodor W. Hänsch	Germany
2005	Chemistry	Yves Chauvin	France	For the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis.
		Robert H. Grubbs	USA
		Richard R. Schrock	USA
2005	Physiology or Medicine	Barry J. Marshall	Australia	For their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
		J. Robin Warren	Australia
2005	Literature	Harold Pinter	U.K.	Who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms.
2005	Peace	International Atomic Energy Agency	Austria	For their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes was used in the safest possible way.
		Mohamed ElBaradei	Egypt
2005	Economic Sciences	Robert J. Aumann	Israel	For having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis.
		Thomas C. Schelling	USA

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
2006	Physics	John C. Mather	USA	For their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation.
2006	Physics	George F. Smoot	USA
2006	Chemistry	Roger D. Kornberg	USA	For his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription.
2006	Physiology or Medicine	Andrew Z. Fire	USA	For their discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA.
2006	Physiology or Medicine	Craig C. Mello	USA
2006	Literature	Orhan Pamuk	Turkey	Who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city, has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures.
2006	Peace	Muhammad Yunus	Bangladesh	For the efforts to create economic and social development from below.
2006	Peace	Grameen Bank	Bangladesh	For the efforts to create economic and social development from below.
2006	Economic Sciences	Edmund S. Phelps	USA	For his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
2007	Physics	Albert Fert	France	For the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance.
2007	Physics	Peter Grünberg	Germany	For the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance.
2007	Chemistry	Gerhard Ertl	Germany	For his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces.
2007	Physiology or Medicine	Mario R. Capecchi	USA	For their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells.
		Sir Martin J. Evans	U.K.
		Oliver Smithies	USA
2007	Literature	Doris Lessing	U.K.	That epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny.
2007	Peace	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Al Gore	USA	For their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change.
2007	Economic Sciences	Leonid Hurwicz	USA	For having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory
		Eric S. Maskin
		Roger B. Myerson

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
2008	Physics	Yoichiro Nambu	USA	For the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics.
		Makoto Kobayashi	Japan	For the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature.
		Toshihide Maskawa	Japan
2008	Chemistry	Osamu Shimomura	Japan	For the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP.
		Martin Chalfie	USA
		Roger Y. Tsien	USA
2008	Physiology or Medicine	Harald zur Hausen	Germany	Renowned for his discovery of the human papillomavirus that causes cervical cancer.
		Françoise Barré-Sinoussi	France	They are renowned for their discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus.
		Luc Montagnier	France
2008	Literature	Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio	France	Author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilisation.
2008	Peace	Martti Ahtisaari	Finland	For his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts.
2008	Economic Sciences	Paul Krugman	USA	For his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
2009	Physics	Charles K. Kao	China	For his groundbreaking achievements in the transmission of light through fibres for optical communication.
		Willard S. Boyle	Canada	They received the Nobel Prize for their invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit, the CCD sensor.
		George E. Smith	USA
2009	Chemistry	Venkatraman Ramakrishnan	India	For studies of the structure and function of the ribosome.
		Thomas A. Steitz	USA
		Ada E. Yonath	Israel
2009	Physiology orMedicine	Elizabeth H. Blackburn	USA	For the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase.
		Carol W. Greider
		Jack W. Szostak
2009	Literature	Herta Müller	Germany	Who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed.
2009	Peace	Barack H. Obama	USA	For his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples.
2009	Economic Sciences	Elinor Ostrom	USA	For her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons.
2009	Economic Sciences	Oliver E. Williamson	USA	For his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
2010	Physics	Andre Geim	U.K.	For their groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene.
2010	Physics	Konstantin Novoselov	U.K.
2010	Chemistry	Richard F. Heck	USA	For palladium-catalysed cross couplings in organic synthesis.
		Ei-ichi Negishi	USA
		Akira Suzuki	Japan
2010	Physiology or Medicine	Robert G. Edwards	U.K.	For the development of in vitro fertilization
2010	Literature	Mario Vargas Llosa	Peru	For his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat.
2010	Peace	Liu Xiaobo	China	For his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China.
2010	Economic Sciences	Peter A. Diamond	USA	For their analysis of markets with search frictions.
		Dale T. Mortensen	USA
		Christopher A. Pissarides	U.K.

Nobel Prize Winners 2011 - 2020

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
2011	Physics	Saul Perlmutter	USA	For the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae.
		Brian P. Schmidt	Australia
		Adam G. Riess	USA
2011	Chemistry	Dan Shechtman	Israel	For the discovery of quasicrystals.
2011	Physiology or Medicine	Bruce A. Beutler	USA	For their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity.
		Jules A. Hoffmann	France
		Ralph M. Steinman	USA	For his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity.
2011	Literature	Tomas Tranströmer	Sweden	Through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality.
2011	Peace	Ellen Johnson Sirleaf	Liberia	For their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work
		Leymah Gbowee	Liberia
		Tawakkol Karman	Yemen
2011	Economic Sciences	Thomas J. Sargent	USA	For their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy.
2011	Economic Sciences	Christopher A. Sims	USA

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
2012	Physics	Serge Haroche	France	For groundbreaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems.
		David J. Wineland	USA
2012	Chemistry	Robert J. Lefkowitz	USA	He was known for his research on G-protein-coupled receptors.
		Brian Kobilka
2012	Physiology or Medicine	Sir John B. Gurdon	U.K.	For the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent.
		Shinya Yamanaka	USA
2012	Literature	Mo Yan	China	With hallucinatory realism, he merges folk tales, history, and the contemporary.
2012	Peace	European Union	Norway	For over six decades, it contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe.
2012	Economic Sciences	Alvin E. Roth	USA	For the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design.
		Lloyd S. Shapley

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
2013	Physics	François Englert	Belgium	For the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider.
2013	Physics	Peter Higgs	U.K.
2013	Chemistry	Martin Karplus	USA	For the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems.
		Michael Levitt	USA
		Arieh Warshel	USA
2013	Physiology or Medicine	James E. Rothman	USA	They are renowned for their discoveries of machinery that regulates vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells.
		Randy W. Schekman	USA
		Thomas C. Südhof	USA
2013	Literature	Alice Munro	Canada	Master of the contemporary short story.
2013	Peace	Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons	Netherlands	For its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons.
2013	Economic Sciences	Eugene F. Fama	USA	For their empirical analysis of asset prices.
		Lars Peter Hansen
		Robert J. Shiller

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
2014	Physics	Isamu Akasaki	Japan	This invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources.
		Hiroshi Amano	Japan
		Shuji Nakamura	Japan
2014	Chemistry	Eric Betzig	USA	For the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy.
		Stefan W. Hell	Germany
		William E. Moerner	USA
2014	Physiology or Medicine	John O'Keefe	USA	For their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain.
		May-Britt Moser	Norway
		Edvard I. Moser	Norway
2014	Literature	Patrick Modiano	France	For the art of memory, he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation.
2014	Peace	Kailash Satyarthi	India	For their tireless efforts in combating the oppression of children and young people, as well as advocating for the universal right to education for all.
2014	Peace	Malala Yousafzai	Pakistan
2014	Economic Sciences	Jean Tirole	France	For his analysis of market power and regulation.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
2015	Physics	Takaaki Kajita	Japan	Their discovery of neutrino oscillations shows that neutrinos have mass.
2015	Physics	Arthur B. McDonald	Canada
2015	Chemistry	Tomas Lindahl	U.K.	For their study focused on the mechanisms of DNA repair.
		Paul Modrich	USA
		Aziz Sancar	USA
2015	Physiology or Medicine	William C. Campbell	USA	For their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites.
		Satoshi Ōmura	Japan
		Tu Youyou	China	For her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria.
2015	Literature	Svetlana Alexievich	Belarus	For her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time.
2015	Peace	National Dialogue Quartet	Tunisia	For its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011.
2015	Economic Sciences	Angus Deaton	USA	For his analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
2016	Physics	David J. Thouless	U.K.	For theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter.
		F. Duncan M. Haldane	USA
		J. Michael Kosterlitz	USA
2016	Chemistry	Jean-Pierre Sauvage	France	They were awarded for the design and synthesis of molecular machines.
		Sir J. Fraser Stoddart	USA
		Bernard L. Feringa	Netherlands
2016	Physiology or Medicine	Yoshinori Ohsumi	Japan	For his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy.
2016	Literature	Bob Dylan	USA	For having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition.
2016	Peace	Juan Manuel Santos	Colombia	He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his firm dedication to ending the country's over 50-year-long civil war.
2016	Economic Sciences	Oliver Hart	USA	They are recognised for their significant contributions to the field of contract theory.
2016	Economic Sciences	Bengt Holmström	USA

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
2017	Physics	Rainer Weiss	USA	For decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves.
		Barry C. Barish
		Kip S. Thorne
2017	Chemistry	Jacques Dubochet	Switzerland	For developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution.
		Joachim Frank	Germany
		Richard Henderson	U.K.
2017	Physiology or Medicine	Jeffrey C. Hall	USA	For their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm.
		Michael Rosbash
		Michael W. Young
2017	Literature	Kazuo Ishiguro	Japan	Kazuo Ishiguro, through his novels of immense emotional impact, has revealed the depths beneath our false sense of unity with the world.
2017	Peace	International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons	Australia	For its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons.
2017	Economic Sciences	Richard H. Thaler	USA	For his contributions to behavioural economics.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
2018	Physics	Arthur Ashkin	USA	For the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems.
2018		Gérard Mourou	France	They were awarded for their innovative technique of producing high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses.
2018		Donna Strickland	Canada
2018	Chemistry	Frances H. Arnold	USA	For the directed evolution of enzymes.
		George P. Smith	USA	For the phage display of peptides and antibodies was the focus of this study.
		Sir Gregory P. Winter	U.K.
2018	Physiology or Medicine	James P. Allison	USA	For their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibiting negative immune regulation.
2018	Physiology or Medicine	Tasuku Honjo	Japan
2018	Literature	Olga Tokarczuk	Poland	The narrative imagination of Olga Tokarczuk, with its encyclopedic passion, represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life.
2018	Peace	Denis Mukwege	DRC	For their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict.
2018	Peace	Nadia Murad	Iraq
2018	Economic Sciences	William D. Nordhaus	USA	For integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis.
2018	Economic Sciences	Paul M. Romer	USA	For integrating technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis.

*DRC: Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
2019	Physics	James Peebles	Canada	He received the award for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology.
		Michel Mayor	Switzerland	They received the award for discovering an exoplanet that orbits a solar-type star.
		Didier Queloz	Switzerland
2019	Chemistry	John B. Goodenough	USA	For the development of lithium-ion batteries.
		M. Stanley Whittingham	U.K.
		Akira Yoshino	Japan
2019	Physiology or Medicine	William G. Kaelin Jr	USA	They were awarded the Nobel Prize for their discoveries regarding how cells perceive and adjust to the availability of oxygen.
		Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe	U.K.
		Gregg L. Semenza	USA
2019	Literature	Peter Handke	Austria	For an influential work that, with linguistic ingenuity, has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience.
2019	Peace	Abiy Ahmed Ali	Ethiopia	He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2019 for his efforts to achieve peace and international cooperation, particularly for his decisive initiative to resolve the border conflict with neighbouring Eritrea.
2019	Economic Sciences	Abhijit Banerjee	India	For an experimental approach to alleviating global poverty.
		Esther Duflo	France
		Michael Kremer	USA

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
2020	Physics	Roger Penrose	U.K.	Roger Penrose made a significant discovery, revealing that the formation of black holes was a strong prediction of the general theory of relativity.
		Reinhard Genzel	Germany	For the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy.
		Andrea Ghez	USA
2020	Chemistry	Emmanuelle Charpentier	Germany	For the development of a method for genome editing.
2020	Chemistry	Jennifer A. Doudna	USA	For the development of a method for genome editing.
2020	Physiology or Medicine	Harvey J. Alter	USA	For the discovery of the Hepatitis C virus.
		Michael Houghton	Canada
		Charles M. Rice	USA
2020	Literature	Louise Glück	USA	For her unmistakable poetic voice that, with austere beauty, makes individual existence universal.
2020	Peace	World Food Programme	United Nations	The World Food Programme was recognised for its efforts to combat hunger, its contribution to improving peace conditions in conflict-affected areas, and its role as a driving force in efforts to prevent the use of hunger as a weapon of war and conflict.
2020	Economic Sciences	Paul R. Milgrom	USA	For their contributions to auction theory and the creation of innovative auction formats.
2020	Economic Sciences	Robert B. Wilson	USA

Nobel Prize Winners 2021 - 2025

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
2021	Physics	Syukuro Manabe	USA	For the physical modelling of Earth’s climate, it was essential to quantify variability and reliably predict global warming.
		Klaus Hasselmann	Germany
		Giorgio Parisi	Italy	He was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems, ranging from atomic to planetary scales.
2021	Chemistry	Benjamin List	Germany	For the development of asymmetric organocatalysis.
		David W.C. MacMillan	USA
2021	Physiology or Medicine	David Julius	USA	For their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch.
		Ardem Patapoutian
2021	Literature	Abdulrazak Gurnah	U.K.	He won the Nobel Prize in Literature for his uncompromising and compassionate exploration of colonialism's effects and the fate of refugees in the gulf between cultures and continents.
2021	Peace	Maria Ressa	Philippines	For their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which was a precondition for democracy and lasting peace.
		Dmitry Muratov	Russia
2021	Economic Sciences	David Card	USA	For his empirical contributions to labour economics.
		Joshua D. Angrist		For their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships.
		Guido W. Imbens

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
2022	Physics	Alain Aspect	France	For experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science.
		John Clauser	USA
		Anton Zeilinger	Austria
2022	Chemistry	Carolyn Bertozzi	USA	For the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal Chemistry.
		Morten Meldal	Denmark
		K. Barry Sharpless	USA
2022	Physiology or Medicine	Svante Pääbo	Sweden	For his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominids and human evolution.
2022	Literature	Annie Ernaux	France	For the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory.
2022	Peace	Ales Bialiatski	Belarus	It was jointly awarded for their efforts to defend civil society, document war crimes, and uphold human rights.
		Memorial	Russia
		Centre for Civil Liberties	Ukraine
2022	Economic Sciences	Ben Bernanke	USA	For the research on banks and financial crises.
		Douglas Diamond
		Philip Dybvig

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
2023	Physics	Pierre Agostini	France	For experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter.
		Ferenc Krausz	Hungary
		Anne L’Huillier	France
2023	Chemistry	Moungi Bawendi	USA	For the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots.
		Louis Brus
		Aleksey Yekimov
2023	Physiology or Medicine	Katalin Karikó	USA	For their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19.
2023	Physiology or Medicine	Drew Weissman	USA
2023	Literature	Jon Fosse	Austria	For his innovative plays and prose, which give voice to the unsayable.
2023	Peace	Narges Mohammadi	Iran	For her fight against the oppression of women in Iran and her fight to promote human rights and freedom for all
2023	Economic Sciences	Claudia Goldin	USA	For having advanced our understanding of women’s labour market outcomes.

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
2024	Physics	John J. Hopfield	USA	For foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks.
2024	Physics	Geoffrey Hinton	Canada
2024	Chemistry	David Baker	USA	For computational protein design
		Demis Hassabis	U.K.	For protein structure prediction.
		John Jumper	USA	For protein structure prediction.
2024	Physiology or Medicine	Victor Ambros	USA	For the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation.
2024	Physiology or Medicine	Gary Ruvkun	USA
2024	Literature	Han Kang	South Korea	For her intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes the fragility of human life.
2024	Peace	Nihon Hidankyo	Japan	For the efforts to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons and for demonstrating through witness testimony that nuclear weapons must never be used again.
2024	Economic Sciences	Daron Acemoglu	USA	For studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity
		Simon Johnson	USA
		James A. Robinson	USA

Year	Categories	Nobel Laureates	Country	Prize Motivation
2025	Physics	John Clarke	USA	For the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit.
		Michel H. Devoret	France
		John M. Martinis	USA
2025	Chemistry	Susumu Kitagawa	Japan	For the development of metal–organic frameworks.
		Richard Robson	Australia
		Omar M. Yaghi	USA
2025	Physiology or Medicine	Mary E. Brunkow	USA	For their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance.
		Fred Ramsdell	USA
		Shimon Sakaguchi	Japan
2025	Literature	László Krasznahorkai	Hungary	He was recognised for his compelling and visionary oeuvre that, amidst apocalyptic terror, reaffirms the power of art.
2025	Peace	María Corina Machado	Venezuela	For her tireless work promoting democratic rights for the people of Venezuela and for her struggle to achieve a just and peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy.
2025	Economic Sciences	Joel Mokyr	Israel	He was credited with identifying the prerequisites for sustained growth through technological progress.
		Philippe Aghion	U.K.	For the theory of sustained growth through creative destruction.
		Peter Howitt	USA

Conclusion

The list of Nobel Prizes goes beyond a list of names. These prizes serve as an inspiration that will motivate future generations to strive for discovery, peace, and human flourishing.

With the first Nobel Prize awarded in 1901 and the latest laureates in 2025, the Nobel Prizes have commemorated over a century of extraordinary human achievements. The Nobel Prizes have awarded more than 629 prizes to 1,018 winners (individuals and organisations) for their inventions, creative works, efforts, and other contributions to humanity.

For further information on the Legacy of the Nobel Prize and Nobel Award Winners for each category, read our blogs.

Frequently Asked Questions

"Data Science" is a broad field that focuses on extracting valuable information from data.

Yes. A strong foundation in mathematics is required for a deep, functional understanding of Artificial intelligence (AI)

Data analysts are responsible for gathering and interpreting sets of data to find ways to solve problems. These professionals typically work with existing data to solve defined business problems.

Yes. PCMC is a good option for students who aspire to high-demand technical careers in Data Science and Artificial intelligence (AI).

The PCMC combination aspires to Data Science and AI professionals by providing students with strong analytical, coding, and problem-solving skills.

Some of the essential mathematics topics required for studying artificial intelligence (AI) are:

Calculus
Graph theory
Linear Algebra
Probability & Statistics
Discrete Mathematics (Algorithms & Logic)

About the Author

JAIN College

JAIN PU College, a part of the renowned JGI Group, is committed to empowering students with quality education.

Beyond academics, the college ensures its online content reflects the same standard of excellence. Every blog and article is meticulously vetted and proofread by subject matter experts to ensure accuracy, relevance, and clarity. From insightful educational topics to engaging discussions, JAIN PU College's content is crafted to inform, inspire, and add value to its readers, reflecting the institution's commitment to intellectual growth and innovation.

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